What Linux components and scripts did the builder use to auto-navigate Steam to a game's page and optionally auto-launch it?
The builder used Linux with a udev rule to detect when an SSD is connected, which triggers a systemd daemon that locates and executes a launch script. That launch script is what automatically navigates Steam to the game page and can optionally auto-launch the game. Answered
Can this SSD cartridge system be replicated on Windows, and what Linux features would be missing on that platform?
Yes. The article says Jibril-sama thinks the setup should be replicable on Windows, but Windows would lack the Linux mechanisms that enable seamless auto-navigation and auto-launch. Specifically, the Linux udev rule and systemd daemon that detect a connected SSD and trigger the launch script are the features enabling that automation, and those exact facilities would not be available on Windows. Answered