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Before we started this research, it was not clear where the misaligned behavior was coming from. Our main two hypotheses were: Our post-training process was accidentally encouraging this behavior with misaligned rewards.This behavior was coming from the pre-trained model and our post-training was failing to sufficiently discourage it. We now believe that (2) is largely responsible. Specifically, at the time of Claude 4’s training, the vast majority of our alignment training was standard chat-based Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback RLHF data that did not include any agentic tool use. T